Travel And Tourism Industry Is Growing Tourism Essay

Travel And Tourism Industry Is Growing Tourism Essay Preparation First and foremost, the angle is preparation. Preparation is an important thing for people that want to travel. A good preparation before travel will lead to a much enjoyable trip. These days travel and tourism industry is growing very fast. Firstly, to prepare for the trip, researches are first done to know more about the country. Nowadays, all the travel agencies are well connected to various hotels, airlines, and railway agencies. So, the tourists of tour do not have to spend extra time preparing the itinerary. Besides that, travel agencies serve their clients by providing best tour packages at cheaper rates. Thats why, these tour packages is very much in fashion these days. These packages have their own benefits. On the other hand, if tourist prefers to travel in the FE method, researches regarding accommodation, food, travel spots, or transportation have to be done personally through the internet or by personal experience from others. Other than that, the checklist of that tour and free and easy preparation are different. If go with a tour, travelling agencies has taken the courtesy to come up with a check list of necessary documents and necessities before travelling. Furthermore, travel agencies will always remind the tourist to bring the necessities before go for travel. In this case, tourist may travel comfortably. But for FE, checklist must be created by you, if you remember to create one. One of the benefits of creating your own personal check list is clearly because it would be more personal and intimate. Anyway, tourist that travels with free and easy have to always bear in mind to bring things in the checklist before travelling because no one will remind the tourists unlike tour. Time Second angle would be time. Time is very crucial element. This is because every second wasted during the trip, is every second lost, therefore time management is very important. By following a tour, tourist is guaranteed to enjoy the trip to the fullest extent. The whole trip is scheduled specially for different types of tourist, for example, shopping tours, historical tours, and relaxing tours. But, there is always a price to pay for all this convenience. The scheduled is so packed that sometime, only a short limit of time is applied to each travel spot. Hence tourists do not have the option to stay back or just go. Punctuality is most likely to be favored. However, in the FE tour, the whole trip is literally, prepared and done by the same tourist. Thus, tourists are able to provide a looser schedule or itinerary. Besides that, sudden change to the trip is always applicable. In this case, punctuality is not an effecting variable. Cost Next the third angle would be cost of expense. The cost of these two trips varies greatly. It can be different in two different aspect, flexibility of cost and budgeting the cost of expense. Tour is said to be less flexible because tourist have to pay a fixed amount of money for any relevant package they chose. Example, if a tourist wanted to visit Indonesia, if he is taking a tour he is only had a choice to pay RM2000 to go to Jakarta. As for the FE tour, it is much more flexible. Tourist may cut off and add in any expenditure during the trip and just travel the place they wanted to visit. For example, another tourist that wanted to visit Indonesia and he doesnt want to follow by tour he can choose where ever place to visit other than Jakarta. As for the budgeting of the cost of expense, the tours travelling package has already included everything from accommodation, air ticket, foods and others with a fix amount of money. The only budget to work out is for shopping or emergency use. But if following the FE, all of the above cost included in the tour has to calculated and figured out carefully because of its tight budget so that we wont over spend our money for unnecessary things. Safety Fourth angle would be safety issues. Safety is a very important factor when travelling. Visiting foreign places exposes the tourist into danger constantly because, due unfamiliar with the new place. Travelling by tour is said to be more secured because a tour guide is much more familiar with the trip and is responsible to put their clients safety as first priority. On the other hand, travelling in FE tourists safety is not assured to the maximum. Furthermore, cheaters usually pick on small group of foreign tourist to cheat on for their money, properties, and sexual violations too. Moreover, travel agencies make it a must for every client of theirs to first purchase travel insurance before travelling with them. Normally the insurance fees are already included together with the tour package. Therefore, obviously, there is much more level of protection. For FE insurance is an option to choose. Experience The experiences that tour tourists gain are different from free and easy tourists. Firstly, the people that tour meet are different from free and easy. In a tour, tourists are travelling in a big group, tourists have the chance of making new friends during the trip. Other than that, the fact that they all originated from the same country, communication is not a problem. After the trip, they are possible to become good friends. For free and easy, like hitch hiking it is normally done in a small group and usually good and close friends. Thus, they may not have the opportunity to social actively with the people of the country, but free and easy tourists have more opportunities to interact with the locals. For example, free and easy is more flexible though out the whole trip, they can choose things that they want to explore base on their desire and their time are always adjustable compare to the tour that is fully scheduled by travel agency, so free and easy tourists have more chances to interact with the locals peoples and explore the locals culture. Next, the commercial experience for tour and free and easy are not similar. When travelling with a tour, usually the travel agencies have a contract with local business in the country to make extra income that can lead to a raise in the economy for the particular country. Business for example, restaurants, shopping malls, galleries, local product shops will be a must stop for the tour. But for the free and easy, like hitch hikers normally look forward to the countrys beautiful scenery, local delicacies, local people, local culture and a whole new different experience. Ordinarily, tourist that takes this trip is to escape from the urban stress and not to face commercial promotions. Benefits The last angle is which method of traveling is most beneficial. Most of the time tourist will prefer travelling with the most convenient and discount rates. Convenience is very important when travelling because tourist expect to have least amount of stress and prefers to just sit back and relax. For that result, taking a packaged tour is most likely to be the best choice. By just choosing which country and they wish to explore any time of the year will do the deal, the else are all taken care by the agency itself. Furthermore, travel agencies has already commercialized into franchise retailers. In this modern era, everything can be done with the internet too, simplifying the whole process into just a click from a finger. On the other hand, FE will not be as convenient as the packaged tour. Air ticket has to be book much earlier for a cheaper price, and same goes to the hotel bookings too. All of the transaction have to be made via internet paying through credit card services. Any sud den changes will not be permitted as a fine will be charged. Next, travel agencies have connection all a around the world, hence having special promotions and price rates, according to the season. Tourist which prefers to enjoy everything with a simple decision will prefer it very much. Hence, travelling by tour is much more pocket- friendly. FE also has special promotions but only limited to a very short period of time only. In a nutshell, according to the article is most clearly stated that the benefits of taking a tour are much more compared to FE travelling. From six of the angles in the articles, specifically during the preparation of the trip at the beginning, the time consumed for preparation and processing the transaction, all the cost and expenses for tour package or FE tour, safety measurements for the trip, experience comparison among the methods of travelling and benefits awarded during the trip.

Teachers needs self-confidence to plan and implement

IntroductionThe words of the General Teaching Council ( GTC ) statement that â€Å" instructors inspire and lead immature people, assisting them achieve their possible as fulfilled persons and productive members of society † highlight the importance of instructors in today ‘s society and stress that instruction is a demanding profession. This mission statement is reinforced by the Professional Standards for Teachers which outline â€Å" properties, cognition, understanding and accomplishments required of instructors at each calling phase † . Both apprehension of theory and practical experience are required to heighten a instructors ‘ development. Different theories and doctrines have been used to explicate the patterned advance to going a ‘good instructor ‘ and I aim to analyze the mode in which these theories have contributed towards my ain professional development whilst critically analyzing different doctrines.ProfessionalismIn my position, a professional instructor requires both self-confidence and humbleness. A instructor needs assurance to program and implement undertakings whilst being undeterred by troubles and humbleness to avoid assurance going haughtiness. The comprehension of professionalism is supported by Hoyle ( 1995 ) , that professionalism can be understood by cognition, liberty, and duty. A profession should establish its pattern on specializer cognition which is beyond the range of laic people. This cognition should be both theoretical in the signifier of scrutinies and practical in t he signifier of experience. Autonomy follows the rule that every category is different as is every kid and the instructor should utilize their better opinion to move in the best involvements of their students. Duty is the reciprocal of liberty. The freedom of liberty must be expressed responsibly. A more in-depth analysis has been researched sing the key attributes which are associated with professionalism by Hoyle. Hoyle ( 1980 ) distinguished between restricted professionals and drawn-out professionals. Restricted professionals have their focal point in the schoolroom with the precedences being learning methods, their ain didactic behavior, and capable affair. The drawn-out professionals nevertheless are concerned with professional coaction and turn up their schoolroom instruction in a broader educational context. They besides aim at working as members of a school squad.REFLECTIVE PRACTITIONEROther than merely using professionalism in the transporting out of responsibilities, a instructor should be one who at regular intervals, looks back at the work they have done, and the work procedure, and considers how it can be improved by reflecting on the work that has been done and the jobs encountered in the class of making it. The construct of brooding pattern can be described as a critical procedure in heightening one ‘s field or subject harmonizing to Donald Schon ( 1996 ) . Brooding pattern is a manner for novices to recognize the nexus between â€Å" their ain single pattern and those of successful practicians † . Using this construct it allows for thoughtful consideration into 1 ‘s ain experiences and using cognition to pattern whilst being guided by professionals. Hopkins and Antes ( 1990 ) show a similar position that brooding pattern can be classified in footings of action research. Action research, in bend, is defined as a tool of course of study development dwelling of uninterrupted feedback that targets specific jobs in a peculiar school puting. As such, it has become a standard construct in teacher instruction plans. The instructor pedagogue as research worker and function theoretical account encourages pupils to set theories they have learnt into pattern in their schoolrooms. A parallel attack indicates that portfolio development has become a favorite tool used in pre-service instructor instruction ( Antonek, et Al, 1997 ; Hurst et Al, 1998 ) . Portfolios encourage inexperienced instructors to garner important stuffs culled in the class of their professional development to document their competences. Portfolios include a brooding constituent, for when the instructor decides which stuffs to include, they have ascertained which learning patterns worked good and why ( Hurst et a, 1998 ) . The portfolios can and should be modified at points throughout a instructor ‘s calling, as the instructor continues to use larning to practical instruction, a process which is the trademark of a brooding practician. The above theories are similar in that they focus on either pre-service or novices in a subject and lineation that contemplation is used to derive cognition and to get the better of failings. These attacks are summarised by educational theoretician and psychologist Jerome Bruner ( 1987 ) when he stated that â€Å" ego is a perpetually rewritten narrative † .PRE-BLOCK ExperienceIn the broadest sense, a instructor can be defined as person who non merely teaches or imparts cognition, but is besides and possibly most significantly, person responsible for determining the heads and attitudes of all those whom they teach. A A instructor has the power to exert a strong influence over theirA students. When coupled with certain definite accomplishments, a good instructor has the potency to hold a womb-to-tomb impact on the pupils. An effectual instructor of mathematics continues to look into new mathematical cognition and effectual instruction schemes. An effectual mathematics instructor wants to eliminate the fright and anxiousness that mathematics represents to many pupils. As stated in the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics ( NCTM ) Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for school mathematics ( NCTM, 1989 ) , an effectual mathematics instructor will be able to actuate all pupils to larn mathematics. My doctrine about what constitutes an effectual mathematics instructor may outdo be illustrated by an illustration which came to my attending detecting a freshly qualified mathematics instructor. The mathematics instructor was portraying fractions in a manner easy comprehendible by the bulk of the category with assorted appraisal techniques used to guarantee the students understood. However, one student failed to hold on the subject and non unnaturally struggled to reply the inquiries. As the instructor ‘s attending was occupied by the remainder of the category, this one student was unable to continue with the inquiries. At the terminal of the lesson as the instructor had non watched over the category for any students that struggled, the student left the category still uncomprehending and uninterested in the subject. The instructor was unable to assist the kid as he had omitted to watch for students in trouble and this runs counter to the doctrine that every kid is of import. I n this peculiar case the instructor lacked the experience to detect the troubles that the student was confronting. My class experiences have allowed me to associate to the constructs of contemplation, in peculiar the dimensions of brooding pattern ( Zwozdiak-Myers, 2006? ) . The dimensions of brooding pattern relate to the thoughts in which instructor ‘s reflect, better and test new thoughts. This so allows for instructor ‘s to be able to see the types of techniques which were successful and unsuccessful in the schoolroom. The nine dimensions each have a cardinal facet in which to near contemplation and this proves to be a cardinal theory in building my doctrine about the function of a instructor. John Dewey ( 1933 ) observed that brooding thought is called for when people recognize that some jobs can non be solved with certainty. Pulling from this observation, King and Kitchener ( 1994 ) chose the term â€Å" brooding judgement † to depict the sort of epistemological knowledge that includes the acknowledgment that existent uncertainness exists about some issues. These theories have re-constructed my doctrine in the fact that the profession of instruction is non ‘black and white ‘ . There are jobs where there is no perfect solution ; nevertheless it is up to the opinion of the instructor to react in the involvement of the pupils. Lawrence Stenhouse ( 1975 ) explores the construct of a instructor as a research worker, which takes a different attack from the old theories. It encourages instructors to set theories they have learnt into pattern in their schoolroom. This has re-constructed my beliefs of what constitutes a instructor of mathematics as research is an imperative factor in instruction.DecisionResearch on effectual instruction over the past two decennaries has shown that effectual pattern is linked to inquiry, contemplation, and uninterrupted professional growing ( Harris 1998 ) . Brooding pattern can be a good signifier of professional development at both the pre-service and in-service degrees of learning. By deriving a better apprehension of their ain single instruction manners through brooding pattern, instructors can better their effectivity in the schoolroom. The instructor ‘s function has now changed from the traditional image of a didactic lector ordering an indigestible measure of facts to a schoolroom of students who solemnly inscribe the words and later larn them by bosom to regurgitate them in the signifier of an essay in response to a inquiry on a termly or annual scrutiny paper. These alterations are due to a new position being taken on course of study, teaching method and the organisation of learning and larning, every bit good as alterations caused by wide socio-political tendencies in the society ( Hoyle, 1974 ) . The instructor ‘s liberty, control and professionalism ( Hoyle, 1974, Pollard et.al.1994 ) are no longer beyond difference both in the schoolroom and in society as a whole. As a consequence, the instructor ‘s duties are no longer limited to the schoolroom but scope more widely than hitherto. A modern instructor must now get a broad scope of cognition and accomplishments to get by with the new demands of their increasing duties. A instructor must therefore develop professionally so that enhanced cognition and accomplishments from the procedure of development can be put into pattern both in the schoolroom and outside to profit their students which constitutes an drawn-out professional.

The South American Megacity New York And The Asian...

1.0 Introduction The world as we know it is experiencing an unprecedented shift for the first time witnessed in human history. It wasn’t even 100 years ago that the world was still overwhelmingly rural with global urban population rates around 10%. Fast forward to 2015, now accounting for roughly around 53% of the worlds population living in cities and is projected to rise to around 67% by 2050.1 The comparative analysis sets out to understand the opportunities and challenges among the North American megacity New York and the Asian megacity of Beijing. The metropolitan area of both New York and Beijing consist of a population each over 10 million people, which generally defines as a megacity. A â€Å"megacity† can also be coined as world city, global city, megalopolis, metropolis, conurbation, and agglomeration. Megacities such as New York and Beijing are comprised of a central core, surrounded by satellite cities within daily commuting distances, separated by greenspace. Thus, urban ag glomerations can be numerous cities and towns when they are linked by the flows of people, goods, and information, as long as the aggregate population exceeds 10 million.2 Sustainable development of megacities offers a new concept for the world economy in the twenty-first century. The focus of the paper is to understand the challenges and opportunities of sustainable development within megacities through urban structure/growth, economic structure, affordable housing, air pollution, andShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of China and Future of the West17670 Words   |  71 PagesBut exactly how this drama will play out is an open question. Will China overthrow the existing order or become a part of it? And what, if anything, can the United States do to maintain its position as China rises? Some observers believe that the American era is coming to an end, as the Western-oriented world order is replaced by one increasingly dominated by the East. The historian Niall Ferguson has written that the bloody twentieth century witnessed the descent of the West and a reorientationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCulture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past

Prince Klemens von Metternich and Prince Otto von Bismarck...

Prince Klemens von Metternich and Prince Otto von Bismarck can be compared to the dual sides of a Deutsche Mark, a Deutsche Mark that has sported different faces when repeatedly tossed over the years. After 1871, the Prussian-friendly German historians hailed Bismarck as the national hero who had united Germany while Metternich was deemed a failure. Then after the loss of the two world wars, the coin was again flipped, and Bismarck was seen as a bloodthirsty power monger while Metternich still carried the stigma of a failure. The events that lead to the diverse opinion of these two men were their characters, ideological backgrounds, goals, the means by which they reached their goals, their achievements and lastly, their failures. The†¦show more content†¦Metternich’s character can be summed in his 1819 memoirs: â€Å"I am always above and beyond the preoccupations of most public men†¦ I cannot help myself from saying about twenty times a day: how right I am and how wrong they are,† demonstrating the arrogance of his class (Pelling). Metternich was an opportunist and conservative, much like Bismarck, and they both hated the idea of revolution. Metternich wanted Austria to dominate the German Confederation and influence the rest of Europe but he was against a unified Germany because the Habsburg Empire did not embrace a single people speaking one language, but many people’s speaking different languages. Metternich was anti-nationalist and he was against student organization. His Carlsbad Decrees in 1819 dissolved the Burschenschaften, and he opposed a representative government. Prince Otto von Bismarck was seen as both a political genius and a power monger, like a Prussian version of Alexander the Great by the people. Bismarck was a conservative, who used the people around him to reach his goals; and in doing so, he pitted people against one another. According to the book 19th Century Germany: Politics, Culture and Society 1780-1918 by John Breuilly, modern historians have found it very hard â€Å"to separate the man from his achievements† (Breuilly 172). The historians have run into a roadblock that consists mostly ofShow MoreRelatedTwo Sides of the Same Mark: Bismarck and Metternich Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesPrince Otto von Bismarck and Prince Klemens von Metternich can be compared to the dual sides of a German Mark. A German Mark that has sported different faces when repeatedly tossed over the years. After 1871, the Prussian-friendly German historians hailed Bismarck as the national hero, who had united Germany while Metternich was deemed a failure. Then after the loss of the two world wars, the coin sides were flipped and Bismarck was seen as a bloodthirsty power monger while Metternich was hailedRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War II2159 Words   |  9 Pagesgrace. Calvinism stresses the power of God the moral weakness of human beings. 3. Otto von Bismarck- Otto Von Bismarck was the engineer in the unification of the German States. He helped to dominate German and European affairs from 1860 until 1890. Bismarck was the first chancellor of Germany in 1871. Bismarck was able to gain German unification through his blood and iron speech talking about Prussia’s power. Bismarck was a master political strategist who was able to make many alliances that helped

The Potential Benefits Of Multigenerational Households

1. There are many potential benefits of multigenerational households, such as easy access to trusted babysitters, higher quality housing, higher perceived social support and economic advancement. Kolker (2011) describes multigenerational households as having the ability to extend our education and combine wages per household in order to reach lofty economic goals such as owning a home. Living with extended family members can also boost social cohesion and support through increasing one on one adult interaction. Multigenerational households offer developmental rewards, more advanced cognitive function, greater resilience from trauma and increase social interactions (Kolker, 109). All of these benefits have the potential to positively affect health and perceived levels of stress. Another potential benefit is parental development which can positively affect parent’s responsiveness to a child’s needs. Children can benefit from more adults in the household to offer guidance, support, and companionship. The text also states that, â€Å"Living with extended family could be a survival tool that which is common among struggling immigrant families† (Kolker, 105). 2. I would personally not want to live in a multigenerational household for many different reasons. My primary reason is because my family does not get along very well. My mother, father and grandmother are very stubborn, opinionated, sanctimonious and overpowering individuals. I feel as if I would lose my position power in theShow MoreRelatedCity Of Apex : Raleigh City Real Estate Trends994 Words   |  4 PagesApex NC is the small town to keep your eye on in the next few years. In the summer of 2016, Money Magazine honored the Town of Apex by giving the town the distinct honor of being the #1 Best Places to Live. 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The Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, parents of 12 children, ran their household using scientific management principles and techniques. Two of their children wrote a book, Cheaper by the Dozen, which described life with the two masters of efficiency. 2008934301 scientific management Using the scientific method to determineRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEstablishing a Pay Structure 252 †¢ How to Pay: Rewarding Individual Employees Through Variable-Pay Programs 253 †¢ Flexible xii CONTENTS Benefits: Developing a Benefits Package 257 †¢ Intrinsic Rewards: Employee Recognition Programs 259 Summary and Implications for Managers 261 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Job’s Motivating Potential? 240 Myth or Science? â€Å"CEO Pay Can’t Be Measured† 243 An Ethical Choice Identifying Conflicts of Interest 258 glOBalization! Motivated by Individual

Sabrina Charatain Essay Free Essays

Supreme Court meets for the first time at the Merchants Exchange Building in New York City on February 2. The court, made up of one chief Justice and five associate Justices, hears its first case in 1792. The nation’s first census shows that the population has climbed to nearly 4 million. We will write a custom essay sample on Sabrina Charatain Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1791, first ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, are ratified on December 15. In 1793, Washington’s second Inauguration Is held in Philadelphia on March 4. Ell Whitney Invention of the cotton glen greatly Increases the demand for slave labor. In 1797, John Adams Is Inaugurated as the second president In Philadelphia on March 4. In 1800, the U. S. Capital Is moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D. C. On June 15. U. S. Congress meets in Washington, DC, for the first time on November 17. Gabriel Prosper, an enslaved African American blacksmith, organizes a slave revolt intending to march on Richmond, Virginia. The conspiracy is uncovered, and Prosper and a number of the rebels are hanged. Virginians slave laws are consequently tightened. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson is inaugurated as the third president in Washington, DC on March 4. In 1803, Mammary v. Madison: Landmark Supreme Court decision greatly expands the power of the court by establishing its eight to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional on February 24. United States agrees to pay France $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, which extends west from the Millponds River to the Rocky Mountains and comprises about 830,000 square miles. However, the treaty was signed May 2. As a result, the U. S. Nearly doubles In size. In 1804, Lewis and Clark set out from SST. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to explore the West and find a route to the Pacific Ocean on May 14. Jefferson had his second inauguration on March 4. In 1 805, Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean on November 15. In 1809, James Madison is Inaugurated as the fourth president on March 4. The War of 1812 Is when U. S. Declares war on Britain over British interference with American maritime slipping and westward expansion on June 18, 1812. Madison later has his second Inauguration on March 4, 1813. British capture Washington, DC, and set fire to White House and Capitol in August 1814. Francis Scott Baltimore. Treaty of Ghent is signed, officially ending the war in December 24, 1814. In 1820, Missouri Compromise was an effort to maintain the balance between free and slave states, Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) is admitted as a free state o that Missouri can be admitted as a slave state; except for Missouri, slavery is prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36030†² on March 3. How to cite Sabrina Charatain Essay, Essays

Communication Network free essay sample

Communication network are large system distributed in wide area which are designed to send and receive information from one computer to another computer and this computers are called host. Network achieves this providing a set of rules which in terms of networking are called protocols. This protocols are set for communication which every host should follow and participate. The network is made up of two types of components: Nodes and Communication lines. The nodes manages the network protocol and provides switching capabilities. Usually a node is a computer itself which operates different network. The communication lines is the route that connects a power house to its base. Examples : copper wire cables, radio waves and telephone lines. Human resources are nowadays dependent on communication through network and their various types and protocols. Human uses this network to exchange information through symbols, signals and speeches and for this type of communication network provides different tools such as radio, television, computer etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Network or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The role of communication network is globally in current era. Networks are constructed across wide area buildings. Networks may also be citywide and even international, using both cable and air connections. There are three types of major networks . 1gt; LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) 2gt; WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) 3gt; METROPOLITAN AREA NETWROK (MAN). 1. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) Group of computers which all belong to same organizations and which are linked within a small geographic area using a network and often the same technology. Data transfer speeds over a local area network can reach up to 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps. Local area network can reach as many as users may be 100 or even 1000 users. LOCAL AREA NETWORK is also divides in two small area network. 1gt; TINY AREA NETWORK (TAN) AND 2gt; CAMPUS AREA NETWORK (CAN). TINY AREA NETWORK are locally used within the houses and small associations while CAMPUS AREA NETWORK are usually used for schools and universities. LOCAL AREA NETWORK are operated by two different modes * Peer-to-peer Network in which communication is carried out from one computer to another computer without a central computer and where each computer has the same role * Client/server – Environment in which a central computer provides a network service to users 2. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) WAN connects multiple local network to one another over great geographic distances. The speed available on Wide network depends on the cost of connection the buyer spends on it. WAN usually operate using routers. Big corporation and business owns wide area network for the company users. 3. METROPOLITAN ARE NETWORK (MAN) Connects multiple geographically near by LANS to one another at high speeds. Thus a MAN lets two remote modes communicate as if they were part of some local area network. MAN is made from switches or routers connected to one another with high speed links. ACCESS RESTRICTION When it comes to network then how can one forget about the restrictions one has accessing it. There are two kinds of restriction. 1) Public Network 2) Private Network. * Public network The networks that are publically visible to the internet and also some of the network can be easily access to the public. By this it doesn’t mean that public can have access to the network of the company. This network are generally used by the public but may require registration fees * Private network In private network the device cannot access directly to the network nor they can directly communicate to them. Networks that are maintained and used by banks, hospital, airlines etc. OSI MODEL:- The International Standards Organization (ISO) has developed a reference model for network design called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). It proposes a seven-layer architecture for networks 1. Physical layer 2. Data-link layer 3. Network layer 4. Transport layer 5. Session layer 6. Presentation layer 7. Application layer The seven layer represents the protocol architecture for the communications components of host but the nodes in the network applies to only first three lower layers and the reason behind the node using only lower three layers is that the upper four layers are not capable to the task of communication between the nodes 1. Physical layer – Physical layer focuses on transmissions of data bits over communication lines 2. Data link layer – The data link layer concerns with the transfer of data over the communication links provided by physical layer. 3. Network layer – Is concerned with the routing of data across the network from one end to another end. With this network layer converts the data into packet and makes sure that the packet is delivered to their specific final destination where the packet is again converted into data. 4. Transport layer – The main concern of the transport layer is to isolate the upper three layers from the network so that if there are any changes to the network equipment technology will be confined to lower three layers. 5. Session layer- The session layer provides a structured means for data exchange between user processes on communicating hosts. . Presentation layer The presentation layer provides represents the application data communicated between two user processes. 7. Application layer – It is concerned about what the data means to application. It provides standards for support a variety of application independent services. CONCLUSION:- In conclusion communication network hel ps us provide all the information using internet protocols and through its different layers. It’s a network which is divided in wide area for receiving and transmitting information and data from computer to another. Communication networks have their types depending on the area and how large the network is. With all the network division from region to region each have their own restriction through which the network are privately used or publically. Work cited Hekmat,Sharam. CommunicationNetworks. N. p. ,n. d. Web. Apr. 2013. lt;http://www. pragsoft. com/books/CommNetwork. pdfgt;. Patel, Mayur. The Communications Network. Â  The Communications Network RSS. The Communications Network, 26 Apr. 2013. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. lt;http://www. comnetwork. org/gt;. AG, SAMSON. Communication Networks. Â  SAMSON. N. p. , n. d. Web. lt;: http://www. samson. degt;.